This publication reflects on the conference discussions and conclusions. It is structured around the presented country case studies, and is divided into two main sections. The introductory section provides an overview of the conference and the publication, and discusses the crises that the case study countries experienced, similarities in their immediate responses and longer-term efforts to be able to avoid risks or respond better in future, and the lessons learnt. The synthesis chapter (Chapter 2) also incorporates conclusions from the conference discussion on pressures arising from off-budget sources.

The second section comprises three chapters, each reflecting on the presented country cases of a specific category of pressure and the lessons learnt from the cases. The authors of these chapters used the country conference presentations and discussions as base materials, but elaborated on their themes with additional materials and examples.